While the multicast traffic is sent, a connectivity or a path is formed between a receiver and the multicast source which is analogous to a Tree like formation known as Multicast Distribution Trees in which Source is the root and receivers are the leaves of the Multicast Tree. There are two types of Multicast Trees. […]
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HomeTRAFFIC ENGINEERINGPOLICY BASED TUNNEL SELECTION – PBTS Policy Based Tunnel Selection (PBTS) is analogous to Class Based Tunnel Selection (CBTS) with only difference that you cannot configure CBTS on IOS-XR devices to manipulate/route the traffic based on EXP/DSCP/Precedence values, therefore we use PBTS on IOS-XR devices. Please refer to CBTS link for more information on […]
When the routes from any other IGP are redistributed into OSPF as External Type 2 (default type), the concept of OSPF Forward Metric comes into play. The OSPF Forward metric is described as an internal cost to the ASBR. If there are more than one internal paths exist in the OSPF domain for an E2 […]
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In this post, we will discuss RIP protocol behavior for discontiguous networks. RIP is a Classful protocol and this behavior can lead to routing issues in the network. Even RIP Version 2 behaves Classful unless auto-summarization is disabled. Referring above algorithm, let’s take an example of below topology and study the discontiguous network behavior […]
CBTS is feature that enables you to route the traffic in core backbone with different class of service (Precedence/DSCP/EXP) values onto different TE tunnels between Head end and Tail End routers. When you want to route CoS traffic onto these tunnels for one destination, you must route all the traffic for this destination onto these […]
HomeIPv6IPv6 Extension Header Every IPv6 packet at a minimum has a basic packet header, 40 bytes (320 bits) long. They optionally may have extension headers. For IPv6 packets, flow processing parses the extension headers and transport layer headers in the following way. If the software encounters a TCP, a UDP, an ESP, an AH, or […]
uCPE (Universal Customer Premise Equipment) is one single device capable of handling multiple network functions. For example, Routing, Switching, Firewall, Load Balancer, etc functions hosted in a single device called a uCPE. You can simply say it a software-based CPE. uCPE is mainly used as a replacement of standard CE/WAN/edge device present at customer premises, […]
Three EIGRP Tables are maintained by EIGRP to execute its operation i.e. Neighbor Table, Topology Table, and IP Routing table for its operation. This article will discuss these three tables in detail. How EIGRP selects Best Routes? Step 1 – Establish an adjacency or neighbor-ship (Neighbor Table) with other peers or devices running EIGRP and […]
Routers and switches must have a way to distinguish multicast traffic from the unicast or broadcast traffic. This is done by reserving a dedicated IPv4 Multicast Address Range, 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255, strictly for Multicast Traffic and Services, also known as a IPv4 Class D. Network devices can quickly pick out multicast IP addresses by looking […]
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is similar to Hot Standby Routing Protocol (HSRP) and is used to build a virtual gateway for LAN hosts for redundancy purpose. Let us begin with understanding the need of gateway redundancy. Why we need Gateway Redundancy? LAN users are configured with Default-Gateway IP address, which is the IP of […]
HomeSegment RoutingSegment Routing Global Block – SRGB SRGB is the range of labels reserved for segment routing. Default SRGB range is 16000–23999. It is strongly recommended to use same SRGB on all nodes. We can also use different SRGBs on different nodes, however, using different SRGBs complicates operations for the user. A prefix-SID is advertised […]
Route Redistribution in ISIS: In general, Route Redistribution is a technique using which the boundary routers connecting different routing domains can exchange and advertise routing information. In this article, we will learn how to redistribute routes from other IGPs or BGP into ISIS and vice versa. This blog explains the method and configuration for Route […]